THE ONE VERSUS MANY IN THE VEDAS:- IN THE LONG HISTORY of man (Homo sapiens) a basic question has persisted to be an unsolved puzzle “In the universe monistic or pluralistic?” Whe ther man is primitive, illiterate or highly educated, he does perceive the pluralistic world, he appreciates the diversity in Nature, & thus gets a prima facie evidence of the existence of multipcit y among the real things of the world. He believes his sense-perceptions. He gets knowledge about the external world through his five sense-organs, viz., eyes, ears, nose, taste-buds in the mouth, & skin receptors. He relies on his sense-preceptions. And so is the world of plurality real for him. VEDANTIC NONDUALISM:- THERE ARE DIFFERENT schools of Vedanta. Prominent among them are non-dualism (advaitavada) of Sankara, qualified non-dualism (visistadvaitavada) of Ramanuja & dualism (dvaitavada) of Madhva. The doctrine of non-dualism with reference to monism versus pluralism will be discussed in this chapter. NON-DUALISM IN KASHMIRI SAIVA PHILOSOPHY:- IN THE SECOND CHAPTER of this book, the salient features of the absolute idealism of Sankara have been discussed. Kashmiri Saivism is another important school of monistic idealism or idealistic monism which also contains features realistic idealism or concrete monism. The literature on Saiva monism is vast. Important source book that have been referred to on this topicare: Siva Sutra,1 Pratyabhijnahrdayam,2 Spanda-Karika,3 Isvara-Pratyabhijnavimarsmi,4 The Doctrine of Vibration,5 & An Outling of History of Saiva Philosophy.6